PSA 3.1 — Load Types: Primary/Secondary, Static/Dynamic, Operating/Design
A 6″ STD carbon-steel line runs 30 m between two anchors and operates at 150 °C. The civil engineer wants one number from you: what force do I design the anchor for? You do the honest elastic sum — a pipe that cannot move builds σ = E·α·ΔT, and that stress times the metal area is a force. It comes out at 1 116 kN . Roughly 114 tonnes, on a 6″ pipe.
Commit to an answer before reading on: is 1 116 kN the anchor design load?
It is not — and the reason is the most useful idea…
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